150th Anniversary of General Order 143 - A Nation's Destiny

May 22nd, 1863, the War Department issued General Order 143, (GO 143) which changed the course of the Civil War, and the destiny of millions. This order established a bureau for the organization of “Colored Troops”, which would be in charge of recruitment and training...

Watch Night

Watch Night, December 31st, 1862.  One hundred-fifty years ago, slaves, freemen, abolitionists and people in all walks of life, sat in churches, meeting houses and fields throughout the nation, watching and waiting for freedom's dawn. With the signing of...

An Apology on the Eve of Juneteenth 2009

On June 19, 1865, Major General Gordon Granger rode into Galveston, Texas on horseback, accompanied by 2,000 Union soldiers and read General Order 3 to those assembled, including the 250,000 enslaved persons of...

My Interview with a Civil War Re-Enactor - Part I

Chattel slavery had become an entrenched part of society in the United States of America, codified in law, with enslaved Africans first appearing on the continent over two hundred years before the...

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