NP Rank:
"Those who misquote George Santayana are condemned to paraphrase him."
Question: Who said, "Those who do not remember history are condemned to repeat it"? I've looked in all the library's quotation books, but still can't find the answer.
Answer: As a reference librarian, I have heard many variations on this theme by George Santayana.
This particular quotation has eluded more than one library customer, who recalled the keyword "history" instead of what American philosopher George Santayana (1863-1952) actually said: "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it" (from "Life of Reason I"). Searching for the wrong word in indexes can get you nowhere, fast. When using either book indexes or online search engines, it pays to think of synonyms and other other words of related meaning.
On August 26, syndicated columnist Trudy Rubin misquoted Santayana (""Those who forget history are condemned to repeat it.") in her "Wordlview" column, "Bush's bid to tie Iraq to Vietnam doesn't work."
A deliberately incorrect Google search (with search terms "santayana," "remember history," and "doomed to repeat"), yielded 269 Web pages misquoting Santayana ("Those who cannot remember history are doomed to repeat it."). Those who cannot remember quotations are condemned to paraphrase them.
As for the quotation itself, Contemporary Hispanic Biography [1] said that "students of Santayana's work complain that the maxim has been taken out of context: Originally it formed part of a theory about how knowledge is acquired rather than being a moral exhortation to pay attention to history, and it has a didactic quality that is foreign to the subtle, paradoxical, and occasionally humorous quality of Santayana's thought."
This variation on the "remember the past" theme appeared in Santayana's "Reasons and Places I": A man's memory may almost become the art of continually varying and misrepresenting his past, according to his interests in the present."
Spanish poet Jorge Guillén (1893-1984) captured George Santayana (also known as Jorge Augustin Nicolas de Santayana y Borras) in an epigram:
"He looks to matter for his faith
And Spanish by birth,
English by language,
In the solitude of his eminence
Untrammeled, he is aware of the lay world
Without gods. Truth gives him serenity."
That George Santayana was more than a "one-quote thinker" is clear in these selections from the Beaufort County Library, South Carolina collection of "famous quotation" books:
• "Sanity is a madness put to good uses."
• "There is no cure for birth and death save to enjoy the interval;"
• "Fanaticism consists in redoubling your efforts when you have forgotten your aim;"
• "There are indeed specific human virtues, but they are necessary to experience, like patience and courage. Supported on these indispensable habits, mankind always carries an indefinite load of misery and vice."
• "Oaths are the fossils of piety."
• "People who feel themselves to be exiles in this world are mightily inclined to believe themselves citizens of another."
• "The world is perpetual caricature of itself; at every moment it is the mockery of what it is pretending to be."
• "The highest form of vanity is love of fame."
• "The young man who has not wept is a savage, and the old man who will not laugh is a fool."
• "My old age judges more charitably and thinks better of mankind than my youth ever did."
Sources Cited:
[1] Contemporary Hispanic Biography :Profiles from the International Hispanic Community. Ashyia N. Henderson, project editor. Detroit, Michigan: Gale/Thomson, 2003.
Crowd Power
-
denseatoms
Erewhon, Zimbabwe
Recommendations (56)

Anonymous users (34)



Most RecentMost Recommended Comments (10)
at 06:54 on September 1st, 2007
This is good stuff, but is it really news? Perhaps it would fit better in the "opinions" section. Check out j-tips and other help in determining what makes a news story in The Newsroom.
at 07:23 on September 1st, 2007
Yes, PEP, this is news, if not of the "breaking headline" variety. Columnist Trudy Rubin is cited as misquoting this line in a recent piece on George Bush's foreign policies. Many people misquote this saying to make political points. News has underlying context. These facts about Santayana are not exactly common knowledge. Revelations about common misconceptions are also news. Epiphanies are news, especially in the "Cultural" category of NP. News magazines include this sort of information. You might even say that "Those who do not understand the news are condemned to misunderstand it."
I did not place this piece in the "Opinions" section because it is not in any way a matter of my own personal opinion. I think that NP should could consider a "Features" category, because -- as in news magazines -- there is a clear place for stories that delve more deeply than the headlines.
at 09:11 on September 1st, 2007
My favorite is "The young man who has not wept is a savage, and the old man who will not laugh is a fool".
In other misquotes, Sherlock Holmes never said, "Elementary, my dear Watson", and nowhere in Casablanca does anybody say, "Play it again, Sam"...
at 11:43 on September 1st, 2007
Sorry, but this is an Opinion piece to me. While the quote may be technically incorrect and should be acknowledged, the basic understanding of the line is a lesson that should be heeded by all people.
at 18:04 on September 1st, 2007
No need to be sorry -- you'll see that I had reclassified the piece within "Opinions" before your posting, for lack of a better area. But the basic message is indeed a valuable one, however stated. The exact quote is one that distinguishes "the past" from "history" -- Santayana certainly had a reason for that. It's OK for me to say that those who forget history are going to have to relive it (without quotation marks), but it does George Santayana no justice to pass a paraphrase off as his exact words. Much is lost in the transition.
And the situation with the "those who forget" quote by Santayana is that it is being overused and misquoted to the point of cliché these days, by people of all political stances. A distant "country cousin" to Santayana's quotation is the "You need to go back and read your history book" in so many letters to the editor I see in South Carolina newspapers.
People should also know the original context before arming themselves with the Santayana quote, and that framework I provided in my story as well.
P. S.: I still hope NP will create a separate "Features" category, as well as a more comprehensive range of categories to fit worthwhile, informative stories that are neither fish nor fowl under the current listings. "History News" (though at first glance an oxymoron) would also be a welcome new category.
at 20:56 on September 1st, 2007
Well, Denseatoms, all of us here at NP have been informed for the better and for future reference. How about an extended piece, Misquotes Through the Ages? On second thought, that may be too time consuming! I wonder at what point a misquote could be considered disinformation.
at 06:15 on September 2nd, 2007
I'll do that, Karen, though I don't know where to put it within the current NP categories. "Opinions news" just doesn't do it, because an objective treatment of the topic -- like this one -- is really not a matter of what I think or feel. The misquotes and proper contexts are just there, a matter of public record. Bringing them to light is not subjective unless I add some personal interpretation to the mix.
I'd suggest a "History News" category. This may seem an oxymoron at first glance, but there are new insights and discoveries in history that tie into current events. Breaking news is not an instance of spontaneous combustion -- news is a chain reaction from the history of its circumstances.
My most recent story http://www.nowpublic.com/what-happened-little-bighorn-archeological-technology-sheds-light deals with how archeological technology has shed light on "Custer's Last Stand" at the Little Bighorn in Montana in 1876. I'd rather have placed it in a "History News" section, because the technology -- however interesting -- was really the means to the end (new understanding of what took place).
But, to make an over-long comment less lengthy, I'll write the piece, put my own spin on it and rightly place it in the "Opinions News" column today. I already have the material.
Thanks, Karen, and to all the other commenters who have shed their own light on the dilemma of where to place stories that just don't really fit any of the established "boxes."
at 11:38 on September 2nd, 2007
I think "Life" would be a good home for stories like these... they're definitely informative, yet at the same time something I'd be unlikely to find in a normal newspaper. The SF Chronicle had a little 1/4-page weekly section in the sunday edition called... ooh, I'm blanking on the name (it was pre-web), but it had brief entries of unusual scientific facts. It wasn't really news per se, but a really cool little compendium of facts that would be likely to come up at Trivial Pursuit or a pub quiz.
Though a "History" section is not a bad idea at all, and, with more and more traditional textbook narratives getting debunked and new scientific techniques emerging all the time to shed light on our past, could be a nice addition. I'll pass your suggestion along.
at 07:13 on September 2nd, 2007
denseatoms, excellent stuff. I thoroughly enjoyed this. And thanks for changing the category--editors will love you madly!
Could you help out by starting a thread in the Forums section of the newsroom seeking ideas for another category? Although I think that the NowPublic folks have done a remarkable job of creating categories that reach well beyond traditional newspaper categories of local, regional, etc.etc. (after all, in cyberspace it's all local, and it's all simultaneously international, too, in a very unique way!), I, too, have been musing about another category. Opinions, I think, works well for editorials, i.e.the traditional "op ed." But as you point out, there are various types of articles that aren't quite news, and aren't quite opinions. The material relates to news and issues, but it isn't-quite-news. Finding a news page to hang something on sometimes works, sometimes doesn't.
So I think starting a thread to discuss this would of great value.
I agree with Karen: it would be good to see an article about frequent mis-quotes, or mis-citations. But unless you catch a politician or someone misquoting, you don't have a news peg. Obviously, we must away to the forum!
at 10:27 on September 2nd, 2007
PEP, my follow-up story is now up: Caveat Scriptor! Mind how you quote (in "Opinions News").
You will be pleased to find two relevant news stories interwoven into my piece.
And thanks for the advice to start the thread. I'll do so before the day ends.