Discussion about "HOW ISLAM CONQUERED AMERICA"

by YankeeJim | November 10, 2009 at 11:54 am
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http://thelastcrusade.org/2009/10/25/how-islam-conquered-america/

HOW ISLAM CONQUERED AMERICA

Posted by thelastcrusade - October 25th, 2009

If you’re willing to become alarmed, read Shorrosh’s analysis and think about what has happened since 2003, and how accurate his predictions are already proving to be so far in the year 2997:

1. Terminate America’s freedom of speech by replacing it with statewide and nationwide hate-crime bills.

2. Wage a war of words using black leaders like Louis Farrakhan, Rev. Jesse Jackson and other visible religious personalities who promote Islam as the religion of African-Americans while insisting Christianity is for whites only. What they fail to tell African-Americans is that it was Arab Muslims who captured them and sold them as slaves. In fact, the Arabic word for black and slave is the same, ”Abed.”

People who know me are aware that I am not a fan of any religion. I say that I tolerate others who have spiritual beliefs and affiliations with various mythology, though I don't necessary respect that behavior. In fact, I believe that religion is a coping behavior invented by humans progressively over time, and that today's progression is intellect that can confront savage reality more directly.

The article that I post here is one that suggests that there is a conspiracy afoot to usurp American freedom by an Islamic movement of sort. I don't believe for an instance that this is true, though I do think the article provokes thinking about the various issues and circumstances.

I am amused by the author's ability to concoct order from chaos.

#14 is a good one: “14. Nullify America’s sense of security by manipulating the intelligence community with misinformation. Periodically terrorize Americans with reports of impending attacks on bridges, tunnels, water supplies, airports, apartment buildings and malls.”

 

 



 


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1
Sputnic

Are you serious ?

3
Roy C

Yes, we have forgotten about the Arabic slave trader, and then there is the dishonest "forgetting" of "Roots", where whites walk around Africa capturing slaves. A rare, rare event that may have happened on occasion, whereas another rare, rare event, the depiction of Arabic/Muslim slave markets where the Europeans bought their slaves is so rare that I can't think of a single mover, TV show or even documentary that I have seen where the reality is depicted.

One interesting reality: the number of Eastern Europeans and even Spaniards and Italians that ended up as slaves of Arabic slave traders and raiders.


The Arab slave trade was the practice of slavery in the Arab World, mainly West Asia, North Africa, East Africa and certain parts of Europe (such as Sicily and Iberia) during their period of domination by Arab leaders. The trade was focused on the slave markets of the Middle East and North Africa. People traded were not limited to a certain color, ethnicity, or religion and included Arabs and Berbers, especially in its early days.

Later, during the 8th and 9th centuries of the Islamic Caliphate, most of the slaves were Slavic Eastern Europeans (called Saqaliba), people from surrounding Mediterranean areas, Persians, Turks, peoples from the Caucasus mountain regions (such as Georgia, Armenia and Circassia) and parts of Central Asia and Scandinavia, Berbers from North Africa, and various other peoples of varied origins as well as those of Black African origins.

Later, toward the 18th and 19th centuries, slaves increasingly came from East Africa, until slavery was officially abolished by the end of the 19th century.[1][2][3][4] It still continues today in a smaller form in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, where women and children are trafficked from the post-Soviet states, Eastern Europe, Far East, Africa, South Asia and other parts of the Middle East.[5][6][7]

Historians estimate that between 11 and 18 million Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and taken across the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert between 650 and 1900,[8][9][10] compared to 9.4 to 14 million Africans brought to the Americas in the Atlantic slave trade.[11]

Periodic Arab raiding expeditions were sent from Islamic Iberia to ravage the Christian Iberian kingdoms, bringing back booty and slaves. In a raid against Lisbon in 1189, for example, the Almohad caliph Yaqub al-Mansur took 3,000 female and child captives, while his governor of Córdoba, in a subsequent attack upon Silves in 1191, took 3,000 Christian slaves.[12]

Arabs also enslaved substantial numbers of Europeans. According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates, who were vassals of the Ottoman Empire, and sold as slaves between the 16th and 19th centuries.[13][14] These slaves were captured mainly from seaside villages from Italy, Spain, Portugal and also from more distant places like France or England, the Netherlands, Ireland and even Iceland and North America. The impact of these attacks was devastating – France, England, and Spain each lost thousands of ships, and long stretches of the Spanish and Italian coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants. Pirate raids discouraged settlement along the coast until the 19th century.[15][16]

The Ottoman wars in Europe and Tatar raids brought large numbers of European Christian slaves into the Islamic world too.[17][18][19]

The 'Oriental' or 'Arab' slave trade is sometimes called the 'Islamic' slave trade, but a religious imperative was not the driver of the slavery, Patrick Manning, a professor of World History, states. However, if a non-Muslim population refuses to adopt Islam or pay the Jizya protection/subjugation tax, that population is considered to be at war with the Muslim "ummah" and therefore it becomes legal under Islamic law to take slaves from that non-Muslim population. Usage of the terms "Islamic trade" or "Islamic world" has been disputed by some Muslims as it treats Africa as outside of Islam, or a negligible portion of the Islamic world.[20] Propagators of Islam in Africa often revealed a cautious attitude towards proselytizing because of its effect in reducing the potential reservoir of slaves.[21]

1
QueensHart

I most certainly do believe it is a crusade.  Thanks for a good piece Yankeejim.

1
Sputnic

I know all about the Arabic slave trade ! I was refering to the "in the bunker" feeling coming from your story, particularly the headline. 4 percent of europeans "owned" slaves. I dont feel responsible for slavery at all. It was an evil that was abolished long before I was born. As Islam teaches, I am responsible for my sins, and my sins only. The sins of my ancestors have no baring on me whatsoever. The fact that I am descended from abolitionists does make me feel better about the whole thing though !

2
a211423

Arab slave trading is depicted in recent movie Mongol that tells the early life of Genghis Khan.  I would agree Arab slave trading or slave trading in the ancient world has not been the topic of any documentaries I have seen.  But slavery in the ancient world including Greece and Rome was an accepted practice. And the conquered were turned into slaves.  However, Genghis Khan gave the people he conquered a choice.   Either be a citizen of mine or death, which wasnt much of choice but he did offer freedom if they swore allegiance rather than taking slaves.  He was sold into slavery himself as a young man, so perhaps this was the source of his methods. 

2
Roy C

My point is that Malcolm X made a great deal about how the African-Americans didn't land at Plymouth Rock, instead, "Plymouth Rock landed on us", he said.

There he was, touting the "African man's religion" and berating America for being involved in the slave trade, but he never acknowledged, nor do black leaders today acknowledge, that Arabic/Muslim slave traders sold Malcolm X's ancestors into slavery.

How ironic to take up the religion of the group that sold you into slavery and then tout it as a cure for the evils of Christianity!


6
a211423

 nor do black leaders today acknowledge, that Arabic/Muslim slave traders sold Malcolm X's ancestors into slavery

Roy, please back up this statement.  I don't believe this is true.

I saw Henry Louis Gates in a discussion about black ancestry, and he give this statement. "It's the dirty secret of African Americans that they themselves had slaves."  And he did refer to the African traders in Africa who went to the tribes and kidnapped people to be taken as slaves by British and American slave traders.  It was a lucrative business and many races and ethnic groups were at fault for its longevity.      

2
Hugh Askew

a211423,

In 1455, Portuguese navigator Ca da Mosto wrote in his journal that the Senegalese King Zucholin,  "maintains his economic power by means of plundering several slaves in both his own country and his neighbours’ whom he makes use of, in several ways, mostly in making them cultivate his lands. He sells a good number of those slaves to Arab traders, and also hands some over to the Christians, since the latter started trading with those countries."

No Europeans in the Americas at that point.

The slave trade was going on long before the Europeans started dealing in it. They simply bought from those already in the business.

Slavery wasn't abolished in Saudi Arabia until the 1960's, in Mauritania (just north of Senegal on the west coast of Africa) slavery, while illegal, is still widely practiced. Supposedly, it is still practiced on the Arabian Peninsula as well.

2
a211423

Hugh

Like I said in the comments previous to the ones above, slavery in the ancient world was accepted long before Europeans came to the Americas on the European Continent with roots going back many centuries to Greece and Rome and Teutonic Tribes dating back to 300 B.C.E.  

The Portuguese colonization of South America and Africa did involve the slave trade, and with Vasco de Gama's exploration of the African east coast and the Indian Ocean in which they wanted to secure the spice trade.    

7
Karen Hatter

A, due to the nature of the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade, which stripped captured Africans of their culture and their names, it has been and is difficult for most of us of African descent to identify our ancestors.

I am unaware of any history that reveals the ancestors of Malcolm X.

The now famous 'X', used by Malcolm X, was meant to denote the African name of his African ancestor(s) was/were unknown.

The 'X' also meant rejection of a name thought to have been bestowed upon some enslaved African person once sold into slavery.

 

0
Roy C

Yes, we all know that. And, the original religion of the slave traders, not the Europeans, but the Arabs who ran it was Islam.

12
Karen Hatter

Roy, the Arab Slave Trade was mainly conducted on the east coast of Africa.

The Christian nations of Spain and Portugal were the first European nations, due to close proximity to the west coast of Africa, to establish the slave trade on the west coast of Africa, with Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal, in 1444, sending six ships, each ship bearing  " a banner of the Order of Christ" .

From Lifelineexpedition.co.uk:

The whole journey is well described in The Chronicles of Guinea by Azurara. Here is an excerpt describing the capture of the Africans in what is now Mauritania -

" We saw the Moors with their women and children coming out of their huts as fast as they could, when they caught sight of their enemy. Our men, crying out St James, St George and Portugal, fell upon them killing and taking all they could. There you might have seen mothers catch up with their children, husbands, their wives, each one trying to flee as best he could. Some plunged into the sea, others thought to hide themselves in the corners of their hovels, others hid their children underneath the shrubs that grew about there, where our men found them. "

The Portuguese attacked several other villages, and returned with no less than 235 captives. They were taken to Lagos in Portugal, and on the 8th August 1444, the captives were disembarked and marched to a meadow on the outskirts of town. And there was held Europe's first slave market. Azurara was there, and was moved by the terrible treatment of the Mauritanians:

"What heart, even the hardest, would not be moved by the sentiment of pity on seeing such a flock; for some held their heads bowed down, and their faces were bathed with tears; others were groaning grievously, lifting their eyes to heaven, fixing them upon the heights, and raising an outcry as though imploring the Father of Nature to succour them; others beat upon their faces with their hands and cast themselves at length upon the ground; others raised their lamentations in the manner of a chant, according to the custom of their country; and although the words uttered in their language could not be understood by us, it was plain that they were consonant with the degree of grief.

   Then, as though the more to increase their suffering, came those who were commanded to make the division; and they began to part them one from another in order to form companies, in such manner that each should be of equal value; and for this it was necessary to separate children from their parents, and women from their husbands, and brothers from brothers. There was no law in respect of kinship or affectation; each had perforce to go whither fate drove him.......consider how they cling one to another, in such wise that they can hardly be parted! Who, without much travail, could have made such a division? So soon as they had been led to their place the sons, seeing themselves removed from their parents, ran hastily towards them; the mothers clasped their children in their arms, and holding them, cast themselves upon the ground, covering them with their bodies, without heeding the blows which they were given..."

Prince Henry was present at the slave-market and received his fifth share, which he gave to the Church - in this way he believed the Africans could be saved from perdition. After this voyage, the Order of Christ began to grow steadily richer as the African trade prospered.

When we walked in the yokes and chains in Lagos with the Lifeline Expedition, we started by the port and overlooking it is a statue of a monk (St Gonzales of Lagos) lifting high the cross above the port. It was very clear in so many ways that a strong religious motivation lay behind the endeavours of Henry the Navigator and many of his fellow countrymen. The Lagos Trading Company, which also sponsored this voyage, was dedicated "for the service of God and the infant Henry."

5
rng

It is like America blaming Mexico for the drug trade. Demand creates a supply side. No demand, no supply. Each side is guilty. EACH side

2
Karen Hatter

Indeed, Rng.

3
Paschen

Sorry Karen not completely true. The Arab slave trade was the practice of slavery in the Arab World, mainly West AsiaNorth Africa,East Africa and certain parts of Europe (such as Sicily and Iberia) during their period of domination by Arab leaders. The trade was focused on the slave markets of the Middle East and North Africa. People traded were not limited to a certain color, ethnicity, or religion and included Arabs and Berbers, especially in its early days.In the 9 Century more slaves came from Europe then Africa to the Arab slave trade. The European slaves traded continued until the 19 century. At about 6000 per year in the end of the slave trade. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800
“Much of what has been written gives the impression that there were not many slaves and minimizes the impact that slavery had on Europe,” Davis said. “Most accounts only look at slavery in one place, or only for a short period of time. But when you take a broader, longer view, the massive scope of this slavery and its powerful impact become clear.”
“One of the things that both the public and many scholars have tended to take as given is that slavery was always racial in nature – that only blacks have been slaves. But that is not true,” Davis said. “We cannot think of slavery as something that only white people did to black people. The reverse happened as well"
"as many as 475,000 additional European slaves were taken in by the Arabs in the 16s centuries.."

“As far as daily living conditions, the Mediterranean slaves certainly didn’t have it better,” he said.

While African slaves did grueling labor on sugar and cotton plantations in the Americas, European Christian slaves were often worked just as hard and as lethally – in quarries, in heavy construction, and above all rowing the corsair galleys themselves."


9
Karen Hatter

Paschen, although it is true that the aspect of the Arab Slave Trade involving African captives encompassed Africans from other areas of Africa as well, the majority of Africans forced into slavery during the Arab Slave Trade were from the east coast of Africa.

I believe some of your post repeats information already posted here at the thread. 

2
Paschen

That may very well be Karen. Those are excerpts of two books I read on the subject recently as well as WP links. The research suggest though that the Arab Slave trade focused on the Middle East and North Africa, not East Africa even though part of the trade it was not the focus.

2
Roy C

The slave trade already existed there. I will get back to you about this. There was raiding of villages, but what was already there in terms of slave trade was conducted by non-Europeans, obviously.

In Senegambia, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved. In early Islamic states of the western Sudan, including Ghana (750–1076), Mali (1235–1645), Segou (1712–1861), and Songhai (1275–1591), about a third of the population were slaves. In Sierra Leone in the 19th century about half of the population consisted of slaves. In the 19th century at least half the population was enslaved among the Duala of the Cameroon, the Igbo and other peoples of the lower Niger, the Kongo, and the Kasanje kingdom and Chokwe of Angola. Among the Ashanti and Yoruba a third of the population consisted of slaves. The population of the Kanem (1600–1800) was about a third-slave. It was perhaps 40% in Bornu (1580–1890). Between 1750 and 1900 from one- to two-thirds of the entire population of the Fulani jihad states consisted of slaves. The population of the Sokoto caliphate formed by Hausas in the northern Nigeria and Cameroon was half-slave in the 19th century. Between 65% to 90% of the population of ArabSwahili Zanzibar was enslaved. Roughly half the population of Madagascar was enslaved.[4][5][6][7][8][9]

10
Karen Hatter

The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade concretized the theft and sale of African bodies, the first commodity to be called 'Black gold' , into a successful, highly profitable, intercontinental business, using insured slaving ships, with owners compensated for 'loss of cargo' .

The founder of Lloyds of London gained significant wealth through insuring ships used in the slave trade, acquiring his initial wealth through the intercontinental transport of human cargo.

Historians have documented increased warring on the African continent due to increased demand for human cargo to supply the centuries long slave trade.

An excellent resource, the Trans Atlantic Slave Database includes data related to the slave trade from 1501 to 1866, with information on 35,000 voyages.

From the Trans Atlantic Slave Database :

The trans-Atlantic slave trade was the largest long-distance coerced movement of people in history and, prior to the mid-nineteenth century, formed the major demographic well-spring for the re-peopling of the Americas following the collapse of the Amerindian population. Cumulatively, as late as 1820, nearly four Africans had crossed the Atlantic for every European, and, given the differences in the sex ratios between European and African migrant streams, about four out of every five females that traversed the Atlantic were from Africa. From the late fifteenth century, the Atlantic Ocean, once a formidable barrier that prevented regular interaction between those peoples inhabiting the four continents it touched, became a commercial highway that integrated the histories of Africa, Europe, and the Americas for the first time. As the above figures suggest, slavery and the slave trade were the linchpins of this process. With the decline of the Amerindian population, labor from Africa formed the basis of the exploitation of the gold and agricultural resources of the export sectors of the Americas, with sugar plantations absorbing well over two thirds of slaves carried across the Atlantic by the major European and Euro-American powers. For several centuries slaves were the most important reason for contact between Europeans and Africans.

6
a211423

Karen

It's a horrible thing to concieve of the degredation of slavery. 

Did you see the Henry Louis Gates PBS special African American Lives?

They used DNA testing to trace where some African Americans came from in Africa.

Because I don't know my ancestry either, I was facinated by the stories. 

I think you can send for a DNA kit and send it in.  I did see a special on National Geographic that traced everyone they tested back to a single ancestor in Africa, including Whites, Puerto Ricans, Hispanics, Jewish people. 

It was called the Human Family Tree.  You can actually be part of the study and get a test kit and send in your sample.

https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/index.html

The link below is for the Louis Gates DNA project

http://www.africandna.com/About.aspx

3
Karen Hatter

Yes I did see the Gates' PBS special, A and, as you say, it was fascinating.

Tracing my family by my maiden name, much like Whoopi Goldberg's circumstance, her given surname being 'Johnson', with mine also a very common name, makes it difficult to trace my complete lineage.  

Thank you for the additional links!

4
a211423

This manifesto is obviously the work of zealots, and like any other extremist document, it's purpose is to shock and scare the masses using some truths. But for the most part it is far fetched in my opinion.  The most damaging result of this is to American Muslims who do not not ascribe to the tenets therein, for they will be suspect of these activities by people who read this information and assume all Muslims will act on the declarations. 

9
Karen Hatter

A, this manifesto does read like a work from zealots, meant to inflame passions against Muslims and promote Islamophobia.

As it is being reported, from several sources, adherents to Islam are increasing in America. No good will come of efforts meant to promote far fetched ideas when, as has been shown over the past few years and most precent months, there are so many that are receptive to the far fetched and irrational.

Once embraced by those segments, it is impossible to 'talk them down' logically.  

4
a211423

Karen

I agree, things like this document take on a life of their own and poisons the well.

All we can do is speak our minds for the ideals we know to be true. 

It's up to people like us to speak up when we can to denounce what we recognize as propaganda and lies.  Especially now with the deaths and injuries at Fort Hood, tempers are running high with zealots on both sides.   

0
Karen Hatter

My sentiments exactly, A.

7
Karen Hatter

At an article I posted here at NowPublic, in Decenber 2008, entitled An African Connection in Iraq, regarding some aspects of the Arab Slave Trade, I wrote:

For over one thousand years, Iraqis of African descent have resided in Iraq, some arriving as sailors, the rest arriving to be enslaved as a consequence of the less known or spoken of Arab Slave Trade. It is estimated the Arab Slave Trade transplanted some 10 million African people.   Collectively, the Arab Slave Trade, conducted along the east Coast of Africa and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, conducted along the west coast of Africa, have come to be called the Maafa, also known as the African Holocaust, with estimates for the dispersal and displacement of African people during this approximately 1,200 year period numbering from 40 to 100 million.   The Arab Slave Trade began during the 7th Century, approximately eight hundred years before the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, with the Arab trade also extending into the 19th Century.   The first enslaved arrivals of the Arab Slave Trade were primarily African women from East Africa, brought to Iraq via a route through India, Saudi Arabia and Turkey, as well as traveling a route across the Sahara Desert to North Africa and the Mediterranean, to be purchased to work as slaves in Spain, Portugal and other European countries. Africans were purchased as domestic slaves, wet nurses and sex slaves.   Today, in modern day Iraq in Basra, a movement is on the rise to recognize the rights of some two million descendants of Africa and their desire for equal treatment on par with other citizens of Iraq.        

 

 

3
Roy C

And Malcolm X's comments were not meant to inflame?

Whose inflammatory comments are OK, and whose are not and how can we tell the difference?

The problem is that inflammatory material contains aspects of the truth that the conventional wisdom refuses to deal with. 

Ideology creates the mindset that generates actions to support the goals of the ideology.

European communist parties always had their radical members prone to the violent  overthrow of constitutional democracies, to be replaced by Marxist top-down regimes. The accommodation of Marxism to this formula, not actually Marx's plan, was first foisted on the world by Lenin and known as Marxist-Leninism for that reason.

There is no way not to blame the actions of communists such as the Red Brigade on Marxism. Same for the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia and the tens of millions killed by Mao.

Similarly, Islam has been at war with the world around it since its beginnings based on its ideology. We remained Christian and secularist because Islam failed to conquer Europe.  Charles Martel in France, in Eastern Europe, the man who came to be known as "Dracula", the Crusades, which slowed down the advance of Muslim armies, the victory at the Gates of Vienna, for which the croissant was born to mock the Muslim crescent, and the naval victory at Lepanto: these were some of the people and military triumphs necessary to keep Europe from falling to Islam.

Now, we are supposed to believe that no one in Islam carries forward this strategy of conquest and that, in spite of numerous "single man jihad" attacks, these people are always "madmen", and not simply the fruit of a tree that actively preaches exactly what the Fort Hood jihadist said that Islam demands: submission or death.

And, we are to believe this even as a significant number of imams preach exactly this conquest as the imam that the Ft Hood assassin followed did.

Even the word, "assassin", is of Islamic heritage, by the way.

0
Hugh Askew

Roy, you forgot to mention that those cartoon's showing white folks manning the sweeps, are a fair depiction of the lot of many Europeans captured by Arabs slavers.

2
Sputnic

The word assasin is derived from the fact that Turkish mercinaries smoked Hashish - drugs are forbidden in Islam.     So.... it is hardly Islamic.

 If people of every religion on the planet followed the rules of their religion we would have paradise on earth, many dont. 

 As a result we have a lot of bad things happen. Did the protestants and Catholics killing each other in Ireland do it for Jesus?  No, they did it for prestige and power the same as other hypocrites throughout history and in the present day.


1
Roy C

No, the Turks were Islamic at some point, but the hashish may not be involved at all, and the assassins were not Turks. The potential assassin was drugged and awakened to have an experience of the 72 virgins, so he would know that it was real.

Then he went to kill.


The Hashshashin (also Hashishin, Hashashiyyin, or Hashasheen) from which the word assassin is thought to originate, was the Arabic designation of the Nizari branch of the Ismā'īlīShia Muslims during the Middle Ages.[1] The Nizari, or Hashshashin, as they were designated by their enemies,[2] split from the Fatimid Isma'ili Empire following a dispute regarding the succession of their spiritual and political leader the Fatimid Caliph Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah.

The sect referred to themselves as al-Da'wa al-Jadīda (Arabic:الدعوة الجديدة), which means The New Call (to Conversion), as opposed to the Fatimid Old Call to Conversion.

The designation assassin, it has been suggested by some, simply means followers of Hassan (which refers to the group's master Hassan-i Sabbah). The term Hashshashin is also widely suggested to have been derived from the plural of the Arabic word "Hashshash" (Arabic:حشّاش) which means "hashish user"), although this remains a matter of dispute. A contemporary variation on the theory, described by Burman, is that Hashshashin was a derogatory epithet applied by the sect's critics, who regarded neighboring Nizaris with suspicion due to their secretive society, and their employment of philosophical concepts and heterodox theology.

The term may have originated as a metaphor[3] to describe the Nizari's odd behavior as "crazed people," as in "those people who are addled, as if by cannabis," and that the epithet may have gradually been presented as fact by later enemies of the sect. The Nizari's use of psychoactives (mainly Cannabis) has been dismissed as myth by many contemporary scholars, but it has to be remembered that it was a popular myth during the period. It may also refer to "those who produce hashish," however this etymology is also disputed. The word Hashish (of probable Persian origin) refers to resin collected from cannabis flowers. An accurate definition of the word in Persian is actually "healers" or "herb sellers."[citation needed] The popular viewpoint may have influenced the crusaders, and certainly Marco Polo's fabled account of his visit to Alamut in 1273 makes reference to it.[4] By either or both of those two sources the distorted term "assassin" may have entered Western vocabulary.

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